MySQL Reference Manual :: 13.2.7.1 JOIN Syntax

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13.2.7.1. `JOIN` Syntax

MySQL supports the following JOIN syntaxes for the table_references part of SELECT statements and multiple-table DELETE and UPDATE statements:

table_reference, table_reference
table_reference [INNER | CROSS] JOIN table_reference [join_condition]
table_reference STRAIGHT_JOIN table_reference
table_reference LEFT [OUTER] JOIN table_reference join_condition
table_reference NATURAL [LEFT [OUTER]] JOIN table_reference
{ ON table_reference LEFT OUTER JOIN table_reference
    ON conditional_expr }
table_reference RIGHT [OUTER] JOIN table_reference join_condition
table_reference NATURAL [RIGHT [OUTER]] JOIN table_reference

table_reference is defined as:

tbl_name [[AS] alias]
    [[USE INDEX (key_list)]
      | [IGNORE INDEX (key_list)]
      | [FORCE INDEX (key_list)]]

join_condition is defined as:

ON conditional_expr | USING (column_list)

You should generally not have any conditions in the ON part that are used to restrict which rows you want in the result set, but rather specify these conditions in the WHERE clause. There are exceptions to this rule.

Note that INNER JOIN syntax allows a join_condition only from MySQL 3.23.17 on. The same is true for JOIN and CROSS JOIN only as of MySQL 4.0.11.

The { OJ ... LEFT OUTER JOIN ...} syntax shown in the preceding list exists only for compatibility with ODBC.

A table reference can be aliased using tbl_name AS alias_name or tbl_name alias_name:

mysql> SELECT t1.name, t2.salary FROM employee AS t1, info AS t2
    ->        WHERE t1.name = t2.name;
mysql> SELECT t1.name, t2.salary FROM employee t1, info t2
    ->        WHERE t1.name = t2.name;

The ON conditional is any conditional expression of the form that can be used in a WHERE clause.
If there is no matching record for the right table in the ON or USING part in a LEFT JOIN, a row with all columns set to NULL is used for the right table. You can use this fact to find records in a table that have no counterpart in another table:
```
mysql> SELECT table1.* FROM table1
    ->        LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.id=table2.id
    ->        WHERE table2.id IS NULL;
```
This example finds all rows in table1 with an id value that is not present in table2 (that is, all rows in table1 with no corresponding row in table2). This assumes that table2.id is declared NOT NULL. See Section 7.2.9, “How MySQL Optimizes LEFT JOIN and RIGHT JOIN”.
The USING (column_list) clause names a list of columns that must exist in both tables. The following two clauses are semantically identical:
```
a LEFT JOIN b USING (c1,c2,c3)
a LEFT JOIN b ON a.c1=b.c1 AND a.c2=b.c2 AND a.c3=b.c3
```
The NATURAL [LEFT] JOIN of two tables is defined to be semantically equivalent to an INNER JOIN or a LEFT JOIN with a USING clause that names all columns that exist in both tables.
INNER JOIN and , (comma) are semantically equivalent in the absence of a join condition: both produce a Cartesian product between the specified tables (that is, each and every row in the first table are joined to all rows in the second table).
RIGHT JOIN works analogously to LEFT JOIN. To keep code portable across databases, it's recommended to use LEFT JOIN instead of RIGHT JOIN.
STRAIGHT_JOIN is identical to JOIN, except that the left table is always read before the right table. This can be used for those (few) cases for which the join optimizer puts the tables in the wrong order.

As of MySQL 3.23.12, you can give hints about which index MySQL should use when retrieving information from a table. By specifying USE INDEX (key_list), you can tell MySQL to use only one of the possible indexes to find rows in the table. The alternative syntax IGNORE INDEX (key_list) can be used to tell MySQL to not use some particular index. These hints are useful if EXPLAIN shows that MySQL is using the wrong index from the list of possible indexes.

From MySQL 4.0.9 on, you can also use FORCE INDEX. This acts likes USE INDEX (key_list) but with the addition that a table scan is assumed to be very expensive. In other words, a table scan is only used if there is no way to use one of the given indexes to find rows in the table.

USE KEY, IGNORE KEY, and FORCE KEY are synonyms for USE INDEX, IGNORE INDEX, and FORCE INDEX.

Note: USE INDEX, IGNORE INDEX, and FORCE INDEX only affect which indexes are used when MySQL decides how to find rows in the table and how to do the join. They do not affect whether an index is used when resolving an ORDER BY or GROUP BY.

Some join examples:

mysql> SELECT * FROM table1,table2 WHERE table1.id=table2.id;
mysql> SELECT * FROM table1 LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.id=table2.id;
mysql> SELECT * FROM table1 LEFT JOIN table2 USING (id);
mysql> SELECT * FROM table1 LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.id=table2.id
    ->          LEFT JOIN table3 ON table2.id=table3.id;
mysql> SELECT * FROM table1 USE INDEX (key1,key2)
    ->          WHERE key1=1 AND key2=2 AND key3=3;
mysql> SELECT * FROM table1 IGNORE INDEX (key3)
    ->          WHERE key1=1 AND key2=2 AND key3=3;

See Section 7.2.9, “How MySQL Optimizes LEFT JOIN and RIGHT JOIN”.

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